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钠离子电池凭借钠元素资源储量丰富、安全性高、成本低廉等优势，已逐渐成为大规模储能领域极具应用潜力的产品体系。电池内部离子传输效率是决定电池倍率、循环及功率性能的关键因素。针对传统电解液研究中单一参数优化、缺乏多体系协同调控机制的问题，本文系统梳理有机溶剂体系、离子液体体系及水-离子液体混合体系的最新研究进展，阐明不同体系下溶剂化结构与离子传输效率的内在构效关系，构建出溶剂化结构与传输性能跨尺度调控的理论研究框架。在有机体系中，介电常数与黏度协同耦合、阴离子锚定等策略可有效提升钠离子扩散系数与迁移数；在离子液体体系中，柔性阴离子动态网络与亲水性BF4-水合结构能够弱化离子聚集，改善高黏度导致的传输受限问题；在水-离子液体混合体系中，亲水性阴离子介导的间接水合机制可降低水合与脱水能垒，优化钠离子迁移动力学。研究结果表明，分体系精准调控可实现电解液离子传输性能的显著提升，推动电解液设计从经验式单一参数优化向机制化定向调控转变，可为钠离子电池及镁、锌等多价离子电池电解液研发提供理论参考，助力低成本、高稳定储能技术的产业化应用。
Abstract：Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have become a highly promising technical system for large-scale energy storage owing to the abundant reserves， high security， low cost， and eco-friendly superiority of sodium resources. Ion transport efficiency in electrolytes is a core factor that determines the rate capability， cycling stability， and power performance of SIBs. Aiming at the limitation that traditional electrolyte research is mostly restricted to single-parameter optimization and lacks systematic mechanistic regulation， this paper systematically reviews the research progress of organic solvent systems， ionic liquid (IL) systems， and water-IL hybrid systems. The intrinsic structure-activity relationship between solvation structure and ion transport efficiency in different systems is clarified， and a cross-scale regulation framework between solvation structure and transport performance is established. In organic systems， the synergistic coupling of dielectric constant and viscosity， as well as anion anchoring technology， can effectively improve the Na+ diffusion coefficient and transference number. In IL systems， flexible anion dynamic networks combined with hydrophilic BF4- hydration structures can weaken ion aggregation and break through the limitation of high viscosity to achieve a sharp increase in ionic conductivity. In water-IL hybrid systems， the indirect hydration mechanism induced by hydrophilic anions can effectively reduce the hydration and dehydration energy barriers， thus optimizing Na+ transport kinetics. Studies show that the system-by-system precise regulation can significantly enhance the ion transport performance of electrolytes and promote the design paradigm of electrolytes from empirical single-parameter optimization to mechanistic directional regulation. This review can provide theoretical guidance for the research and development of electrolytes for SIBs and multivalent-ion batteries such as magnesium-ion and zinc-ion batteries， and boost the industrial application of low-cost and high-stability energy storage technologies.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:TM912
引用信息:
[1]赵明星,涂亚芳,于涛.钠离子电池中离子动力学特征及其结构优化调控研究进展[J].电池工业().
基金信息:
冶金工业过程系统科学湖北省重点实验室开放基金（Y202402）; 湖北省自然科学基金面上项目（2022CFB474）
2026-09-23
2026-09-23
2026-09-23