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磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4， LFP)作为典型橄榄石型聚阴离子正极材料，因结构稳定、安全性高、循环寿命长、成本低和环境友好等优势，在动力电池与规模化储能领域得到广泛应用。然而，其本征电子电导率低、Li+一维扩散受限、倍率性能和能量密度不足等问题，制约其进一步发展。本文系统综述了LFP的晶体结构特征、Li+传输机制及性能瓶颈，总结了元素掺杂、纳米化和碳包覆等改性策略的作用机制；重点分析了金属铁、铁氧化物、硫酸亚铁和磷酸铁等前驱体的反应转化路径，以及前驱体物化特性对产物结构和电化学性能的影响。同时，对水热/液相法、高温固相法和熔融态合成等工艺路线进行对比，为高性能、低成本LFP材料的可控制备与工业化应用提供参考。
Abstract：Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4， LFP)， a typical olivine-type polyanionic cathode material， has been extensively applied in power batteries and large-scale energy storage systems owing to its robust structural stability， high safety， prolonged cycle life， cost-effectiveness， and environmental benignity. However， its further development is impeded by inherent limitations， including low intrinsic electronic conductivity， restricted one-dimensional Li+ diffusion， and consequently， insufficient rate capability and energy density. This review systematically examines the crystallographic features， Li+ transport mechanisms， and performance bottlenecks of LFP， while summarizing the underlying mechanisms of key modification strategies such as elemental doping， nanostructuring， and carbon coating. Particular emphasis is laid on analyzing the reaction and transformation pathways of diverse precursors， such as metallic iron， iron oxides， ferrous sulfate， and iron phosphate， and clarifying how their physicochemical properties determine the structure and electrochemical performance of the ultimately synthesized products. Furthermore， distinct synthesis routes， namely hydrothermal/liquid-phase methods， high-temperature solid-state reactions， and molten-state synthesis， are systematically compared. This comprehensive overview aims to provide valuable theoretical and practical insights for the controllable preparation and large-scale industrial application of high-performance， low-cost LFP materials.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:TQ131.11;TM912
引用信息:
[1]张博翔,张佳钰,马航,等.橄榄石型磷酸铁锂正极材料改性与合成工艺研究进展[J].电池工业().
基金信息:
云南省科技厅创新联合体项目新能源材料应用性能研究及相关废弃物资源化回收技术与装备开发（202302AB080018）
2026-08-06
2026-08-06
2026-08-06